{"id":38472,"date":"2022-04-01T07:35:41","date_gmt":"2022-03-31T22:35:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/clumsy.site\/en\/?p=38472"},"modified":"2022-10-28T10:06:28","modified_gmt":"2022-10-28T01:06:28","slug":"tattooed-on-your-chest-the-character-%e6%96%87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/clumsy.site\/en\/blog-tattooed-on-your-chest-the-character-%e6%96%87\/","title":{"rendered":"Tattooed on your chest: The Character \u6587 by Youngsam Ha"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\t\t\t\t\"Cover\n\tTattooed on Your Chest: The Character \u6587
\n\uac00\uc2b4\uc5d0 \uc0c8\uaca8\uc9c4 \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \uae00\uc790, \u6587\n\tText by Youngsam Ha \ud558\uc601\uc0bc
\nTranslation by Solha Kim \uae40\uc194\ud558\n\t
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

1.
In Chinese characters, the character \u6587(meaning writing, script, or culture) is a very important one. This character is included in the words such as\u00a0humanities<\/i>\u00a0\u4eba\u6587\u00a0and\u00a0astronomy<\/i>\u00a0\u5929\u6587,\u00a0culture<\/i>\u00a0\u6587\u5316\u00a0and\u00a0civilization<\/i>\u00a0\u6587\u660e,\u00a0literary people<\/i>\u00a0\u6587\u4eba\u00a0and\u00a0civil governance<\/i>\u00a0\u6587\u6cbb, which are all important notions in human history. In the dictionary, humanities would be defined as the study of ‘human and culture’ but when you come to think of astronomy being the study of ‘all phenomena occurring in the universe,’ humanities would encompass the study of ‘everything that happens in the human world.’ That is, all the events that humans experience while living their life, hence the study of all the reasons governing the world of humans. This is why the humanities curriculum is the foremost in university faculties.<\/p>\n

Modern times’ translation(from English to Chinese) coined the word \u6587\u5316 from ‘culture’ with its etymology as ‘cultivate,’ as well as the word \u6587\u660e from ‘civilization’ which means ‘to become a city dweller.’ Literally analyzing the Chinese characters which form these newly coined words, culture \u6587\u5316 would mean ‘reforming the world with the mind of humanities’ and civilization \u6587\u660e would mean ‘brighten the world with the mind of humanities.’ In the East, people with such missions are called literary people \u6587\u4eba, and ruling a country based on such ideas is called civil governance \u6587\u6cbb.<\/p>\n

As such, the character \u6587 is a lofty letter. Originating from the tattoo \u6587\u8eab, the character \u6587 has evolved to be a part of words like letter \u6587\u5b57, sentence \u6587\u7ae0 and literature \u6587\u85dd, and even went on to reach humanities \u4eba\u6587. What factors would have carved this path for the character \u6587?<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\"Letter,\n\t

2.
In the greatest ancient Chinese dictionary\u00a0Shuowen Jiezi,<\/i>\u00a0completed in AD100, it is explained that the character \u6587 signifies “to cross the stroke,” and it embodies “the shape of intersected strokes.” As shapes made by crossing strokes being understood as characters, it signified ‘letter(s)’ and characters gathered to make a sentence, a piece of writing.\u00a0In China, ‘writing’ is not simply a document or a piece of literature. It is a sublime medium which contains the principles and the Way \u9053 humans shall follow, and thus it is considered to be a sacred guideline written by the wise on what truth is.<\/b>\u00a0Therefore, reading was not a stepping stone toward becoming a good writer but to become a noble and wise person who is able to practice the reason of humanity. This is why learned people were admired as being great, and they were the literati who would eventually become politicians and leaders ruling the world. What literary people should do is precisely to make a brighter world worth living in by imbuing our minds with such spirit of humanities that can change the world for the better. This must be the profound significance which the words such as humanities \u4eba\u6587, literary people \u6587\u4eba, civil governance \u6587\u6cbb, and civilization \u6587\u660e have attempted to contain.<\/p>\n

The Oracle bone script discovered in 1899 for the first time helped us understand the earlier images of Chinese characters more precisely. In the script the character \u6587 was expressed as\u00a0\"\",\u00a0\"\",\u00a0\"\",\u00a0\"\"\u00a0it was not simply the shape of intersecting strokes, but a sort of ‘tattoo’ on a human body. The outer frame\u00a0\"\"\u00a0depicted the frontal human body, and the\u00a0 \u00d7\u00b7\u2228\u00b7\u2227\u00b7\"\"pattern in the middle was engraved in the chest area. What would these tattoos on the human body mean? Were they inscribed on a live person or a dead body?<\/p>\n

According to the various archaeological, anthropological, and literary sources that have been examined so far, this tattoo was inscribed on dead people. It was also said to have been inscribed on the corpse of natural death, not of accidental death. This is believed to be none other than the tattoos for the bleeding ceremony. So what is this ritual? The ancient Chinese believed that the separation of the soul from the body was death, and through bleeding the soul escapes the body and death finally comes upon the body. They were probably led to think this way due to most accidental deaths in the primitive hunting days being caused by bloodshed because of accidents or attacks by beasts. But what should be done in the case of natural death without any bloodshed?\u00a0Artificial measures were required to free the soul from the body, and this was accomplished by cutting skin on the chest. This is the origin of the character \u6587.<\/b>\u00a0When the corpse would not bleed due to time overrun, they would paint red on the body or scatter earth mixed with cinnabar around the body to symbolize the escape of the soul, as the substitute for real blood. In the Oracle bone script, the character\u6b7b for death\u00a0\"\"\u00a0has variable forms\u00a0\"\",\"\"\u00a0which show such scattered objects around the dead body reflecting such symbolic rituals.<\/p>\n

As shown, the origin of ‘\u6587’ begins with a ‘cut(tattoo)’ on the corpse which was a measure to separate the soul from the body. This is how the meaning of ‘shape\/pattern’ was born and when strokes were criss-crossed to create patterns they became letters \u6587\u5b57. Henceforth, the letters formed sentences \u6587\u7ae0, then literature \u6587\u5b78 and humanities \u4eba\u6587 were added, and since modern times, the words culture \u6587\u5316 and civilization \u6587\u660e were coined. The character ‘pattern \u7d0b’ was made by adding \u7cf8(character for thread, silk), since the shape created when weaving cloth must have been considered the most common.<\/p>\n

That being said, \u6587 was literally the door through which the soul escapes the body. So the letter itself is imbued with the ‘human soul’ from the beginning. It is not a simple pattern or letter but a bridge connecting the mind and body; it is the trace of human spirit. Thus humanities would mean culture including all human aspects, and literature would signify ‘study of humans’ and not simply an ‘artistic act of expressing thoughts or feelings through language.’ And the term ‘literary person’ did not refer to a writer per se. ‘Culture(\u6587\u5316)’ initially meant ‘to move the world in a good direction with the mind of humanities’. In this sense, the character \u6587 goes beyond sentence\u6587\u7ae0 or rhetorical style \u6587\u98fe in China, it is rather the ‘mind’ itself that corresponds to ‘literary heart \u6587\u5fc3,’ and humanities \u4eba\u6587 lie in its core meaning.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\"Egyptian\n\t

3.
China is a country of letters(\u6587), and the East is a civilization which strived on the basis of Chinese characters, the exemplar ideogram in human history. As they are mainly expressing meanings, the characters hold ideas. Among ways of human expression, language and letters are the main ways, and spoken language is auditive whereas letters are visual. Letters are further divided into two types: characters with only phonetic value and characters with meaning. The English alphabet and Hangul are representative of the former, and Chinese characters are representative of the latter. Sumerian cuneiform script, Egyptian sacred script, and Mesoamerican Olmec-Mayan script were also ideograms at first, but later on they lost their meaning and hitherto displayed only phonetic nature.<\/p>\n

Due to such features and role of the Chinese characters, the Chinese would mostly be interested in ‘letters’ instead of spoken language. Their studies would rather focus on the essence, function, and characteristics of Chinese characters instead of ‘colloquial language.’ They would even think that letters were the sole truthful notion, and that letters were more important than spoken language. Such a cultural feature could be dubbed ‘letter-centrism’ which would be the exact opposite of Jacques Derrida’s ‘logocentrism’ which describes the Western culture putting ‘speech’ as more truthful and important opposed to ‘writing.’<\/p>\n

Since the beginning of time, the West had always deemed spoken language more important than letters. As the first verse of the New Testament of the Bible(John 1:1) says, “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God,” ‘word’ in Greek, is both logos and ‘reason.’ These ‘words’ were the only medium to convey the truth. Plato also believed that spoken words were closer to linguistic truth than written texts. Thus letters were deemed unreliable, better to be banished. Whereas ‘language’ spoken face-to-face cannot be false, ‘letters’ could be forged and transformed in the process of being recorded and transmitted. The spoken words were the truth. Therefore, ‘logos’ means ‘voice,’ ‘truth’, and ‘reason.’ The ‘words’ that contained the soul were ‘truth,’ and that was the beginning of ‘rational thinking.’ The phonocentric tradition of spoken language always gaining the upper hand over writing had developed into a logic of superiority-inferiority as the West began to dominate the world in modern times. Jean Jacques Rousseau said, “Signs of words and of propositions are appropriate to a barbaric people; and the alphabet to civilized people.” Georg W. F. Hegel conceptualized the alphabet as the most developed intelligent character. Furthermore, this tradition continued onto Ferdinand de Saussure, the godfather of modern linguistics. He considered writing to be irrelevant to the internal organization of language, so he limited the subject of linguistics to ‘spoken words’ and excluded ‘writing.’ He also defined writing as a secondary means of recording speech. Thus, the letter-centric East was denigrated as a savage civilization, and Chinese characters as low-level characters.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\"Speaking,\n\t

4.
People have long considered that the Western ‘speech’ corresponds to ‘\u8a00’ in Chinese character, and ‘letter’ corresponds to ‘\u6587.’ But this is merely the result of an overly superficial and simple approach. In fact, it is the opposite. ‘Speech’ in the Western context which stands for logos, that is, the truth, rather corresponds to \u6587 in Chinese character and ‘letter’ which is the symbol of forgery and object of expulsion is surprisingly, \u8a00.<\/p>\n

Etymologically speaking, ‘\u8a00’ is intimately linked with ‘sound \u97f3’\uacfc ‘tongue \u820c,’ and it is a commonly used, very significant character which creates numerous other characters. Even so, its etymology is not fully known until now so there remains room for diverse interpretation. Also in the aforementioned dictionary Shuowen Jiezi, it is simply explained that “speaking is \u8a00, and discussing and defending are\u8a9e,” without any further note on the concrete etymology of ‘\u8a00.’ Afterward, Zheng Qiao(\u912d\u6a35) of Song Dynasty explained it as depicting the human ‘tongue’ but when referring to its Oracle bone script images such as\u00a0\"\",\u00a0\"\",\u00a0\"\",\u00a0\"\"\u00a0it is not convincing enough. Therefore contemporary scholars tend to allege that it is the depiction of musical instruments like tungso, saenghwang(reed pipe instrument), trumpet, or bell. There is also another line of contention that it is a sword and its container which were used to punish those who have failed to keep their pledge to God.<\/p>\n

When you closely observe the shape of these letters, \u8a00,\"\"\u00a0is composed of ‘\u41c2’ or ‘\u8f9b,\"\"‘ and ‘\u53e3.’ \u41c2 or \u8f9b depicts the pipe made of bamboo. The upper part of the letter has a bell opening which lets out the sound, the lower part has the letter \u53e3(mouth) to portray the mouthpiece for the instrument. Or else it could be the musician’s ‘mouth.’ The two slant strokes coming out sideways seem to be small branches of bamboo(\u7af9). So the original meaning of \u8a00 would be ‘tungso’ made of bamboo, and it indicates the ‘sound’ made by the instrument. Since then, the meaning expanded into including the human sound, that is, ‘words.’ Adding the character for bamboo(\u7af9) on top of it, the character for big tungso was born: \u41fe.<\/p>\n

That is to say that the character \u8a00 does not originate from human words but ‘sound’ of musical instruments. It is the simple ‘sound’ of an object, irrelevant to man or human soul. Moreover the majority of Chinese characters with \u8a00 as a component would signify negative ideas, for example, \u8b4c or \u8a1b means ‘false,’ \u8b8a means ‘change,’ \u8a98 means ‘coax,’ \u8a50 means ‘deceive,’ \u8b0a means ‘absurd,’ \u8adb means ‘flatter,’ \u8a87 means ‘exaggerate,’ \u8a5b means ‘curse,’ \u8ab9 means ‘slander.’ This shows a sharp contrast with the character \u6587 which begins its story with the human soul, and other characters using this character as its component are all positive. This is why in the East, ‘\u8a00’ is not about the contemplation of the soul’s nature. It is variable and so, an unreliable ‘voice\/sound.’ Such feature of ‘\u8a00’ would only depend on the sound emitted by the vocal organ, not being able to convey the soul’s knowledge. It was considered as the medium by which we become oblivious of the substance of wisdom.<\/p>\n

To conclude our story, ‘speech\/words’ which the West had recognized as logos, as their ultimate representation of human reason, correspond to the Chinese character \u6587, not \u8a00. To the contrary, ‘letters’ which were considered as ever-changing as time passes, variable since their function would not be maintained when the space changes, correspond to \u8a00, not \u6587. Therefore, if the West’s speech and logos are the way of truth, their corresponding peer in Chinese character would be letter, \u6587. Both ‘logos’ and \u6587 are related to the human soul, and they are conveyors of the soul and that is why they have become the core of respective civilization. This leads to the idea that ‘logocentrism’ and ‘letter-centrism’ are not entirely separate. They are named differently, but essentially they are the same.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\"Sumerian\n\t\t\t\t\"Mesoamerican\n\t

1.
\ud55c\uc790\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb38(\u6587)\uc740 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uae00\uc790\uc774\ub2e4. \ubb38(\u6587)\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uae00\uc790\ub294 \uc778\ubb38(\u4eba\u6587)\uacfc \ucc9c\ubb38(\u5929\u6587), \ubb38\ud654(\u6587\u5316)\uc640 \ubb38\uba85(\u6587\u660e), \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ubb38\uc778(\u6587\u4eba)\uacfc \ubb38\uce58(\u6587\u6cbb)\ub77c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc5b4\uc5d0 \ud3ec\ud568\ub418\ub294\ub370, \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \ubaa8\ub450 \uc778\uac04\uc0ac\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uac1c\ub150\ub4e4\uc744 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\ub294 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub4e4\uc774\ub2e4. \uc778\ubb38(\u4eba\u6587)\uc744 ‘\uc0ac\ub78c\uacfc \ubb38\ubb3c’\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc0ac\uc804\uc5d0\uc11c \ud480\uc774\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ucc9c\ubb38(\u5929\u6587)\uc774 ‘\ucc9c\uccb4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud604\uc0c1’\uc744 \ub9d0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc784\uc744 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\uba74 \uc778\ubb38\uc740 ‘\uc778\uac04 \uc138\uc0c1\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83’\uc744 \ub73b\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c ‘\uc778\ubb38\ud559’\uc740 \uc778\uac04\uc774 \uc0b4\uc544\uac00\uba74\uc11c \uacaa\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc77c, \uc989 \uc778\uac04 \uc138\uc0c1\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc774\uce58\ub97c \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \ud559\ubb38\uc774\ub77c \ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub300\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\ubb38\ud559\uc774 \ub2e8\uacfc\ub300\ud559\uc758 \uccab \ubc88\uc9f8 \uc790\ub9ac\ub97c \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\uac8c \ud55c \uc774\uc720\ub3c4 \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uadfc\ub300\uc5d0 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c4 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc5b4\uae34 \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc\u00a0‘\uac1c\uac04\ud558\ub2e4’\ub294 \uc5b4\uc6d0\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4\u00a0‘culture’\ub97c \ubb38\ud654(\u6587\u5316)\ub85c, ‘\ub3c4\uc2dc\uc778\uc774 \ub418\ub2e4’\ub294 \ub73b\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4\u00a0‘civilization’\uc744 \ubb38\uba85(\u6587\u660e)\uc73c\ub85c \ubc88\uc5ed\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubb38\ud654(\u6587\u5316)\ub294 \uae00\uc790\ub300\ub85c \ud47c\ub2e4\uba74\u00a0‘\uc778\ubb38\uc815\uc2e0\uc73c\ub85c \uc628 \uc138\uc0c1\uc744 \uad50\ud654\ud558\ub2e4’\ub77c\ub294 \ub73b\uc774 \ub418\uace0,\u00a0\ubb38\uba85(\u6587\u660e)\uc740\u00a0‘\uc778\ubb38\uc815\uc2e0\uc73c\ub85c \uc138\uc0c1\uc744 \ubc1d\ud788\ub2e4’\uac00 \ub420 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub3d9\uc591\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc774\ub7f0 \uc77c\uc744 \ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc744 \ubb38\uc778(\u6587\u4eba),\u00a0\uc774\ub7f0 \uc0dd\uac01\uc744 \ubc14\ud0d5\uc73c\ub85c \ud55c \ub2e4\uc2a4\ub9bc\uc744 \ubb38\uce58(\u6587\u6cbb)\ub77c\uace0 \ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc774\ucc98\ub7fc \ubb38(\u6587)\uc740 \uc22d\uace0\ud55c \uae00\uc790\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubb38\uc2e0(\u6587\u8eab)\uc5d0\uc11c \ucd9c\ubc1c\ud55c \ubb38(\u6587)\uc774 \ubb38\uc790(\u6587\u5b57)\uc640 \ubb38\uc7a5(\u6587\u7ae0)\uacfc \ubb38\uc608(\u6587\u85dd)\ub97c \uac70\uccd0 \uc778\ubb38(\u4eba\u6587)\uc5d0\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc774\ub974\ub800\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc694\uc18c\uac00 \ubb38(\u6587)\uc744 \uc774\ub807\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\uc744\uae4c?<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\"Oracle\n\t

2.
\uc11c\uae30\u00a0100\ub144\uc5d0 \uc644\uc131\ub41c \uc911\uad6d \ucd5c\uace0\uc758 \uc5b4\uc6d0\uc0ac\uc804\uc778 \uc124\ubb38\ud574\uc790\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ubb38(\u6587)\uc744\u00a0“\ud68d\uc744 \uad50\ucc28\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub2e4\ub294 \ub73b\uc774\uba70,\u00a0\uad50\ucc28\ud55c \ubb34\ub2ac\ub97c \ud615\uc0c1\ud588\ub2e4.”\ub77c\uace0 \ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud68d\uc744 \uad50\ucc28\uc2dc\ud0a8\u00a0‘\ubb34\ub2ac’\ub97c\u00a0‘\ubb38(\u6587)’\uc758 \uc6d0\ub798 \ub73b\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf8 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ud6c4 \ubb34\ub2ac\ub97c \uc0c8\uae30\ub4ef \ud68d\uc744 \uad50\ucc28\uc2dc\ucf1c \ub9cc\ub4e0 \uac83\uc774 \uae00\uc790\ub77c\ub294 \uc758\ubbf8\uc5d0\uc11c\u00a0‘\ubb38\uc790’\ub97c \ub73b\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uace0,\u00a0\uae00\uc790\ub294 \ubaa8\uc5ec\uc11c \ubb38\uc7a5\uc774 \ub418\uace0 \uae00\uc774 \ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c\u00a0‘\uae00’\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \ubb38\uc11c\ub098 \ubb38\ud559 \uc791\ud488\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc778\uac04\uc774 \uac78\uc5b4\uc57c \ud560 \uc774\uce58\uc640 \ub3c4(\u9053)\ub97c \ub2f4\uc544\ub0b4\ub294 \uc22d\uace0\ud55c \ub9e4\uccb4\uc774\uace0,\u00a0\uadf8\ub7f0 \uc0b6\uc744 \uc0b4\ub3c4\ub85d \uc774\ub044\ub294 \uc131\ud604\uc758 \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub97c \ub2f4\uc740 \uc131\uc2a4\ub7ec\uc6b4 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub798\uc11c \uae00\uc744 \uc77d\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \ubb38\ud559\uac00\uac00 \ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc778\uac04\uc758 \ub3c4\ub97c \uc2e4\ucc9c\ud558\ub294 \uad70\uc790\uac00 \ub418\uace0 \uc131\ud604\uc774 \ub418\uace0\uc790 \ud568\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uae00\uc744 \ub9ce\uc774 \uc77d\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \uc704\ub300\ud55c \uc874\uc7ac\ub85c \uc874\uc911\ub418\uc5c8\uace0,\u00a0\uadf8\ub7f0 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \ubb38\uc778(\u6587\u4eba)\uc774\uace0,\u00a0\uc138\uc0c1\uc744 \ub2e4\uc2a4\ub9ac\ub294 \uc815\uce58\uac00\uc640 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubb38\uc778(\u6587\u4eba)\uc774 \ud574\uc57c \ud560 \uc77c\uc740 \ubc14\ub85c \uadf8\ub7f0 \uc778\ubb38\uc815\uc2e0\uc73c\ub85c \uc138\uc0c1\uc744 \uad50\ud654\ud558\uace0 \uc0b4\ub9db\ub098\ub294 \ubc1d\uc740 \uc138\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4dc\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc778\ubb38(\u4eba\u6587)\uacfc \ubb38\uc778(\u6587\u4eba),\u00a0\ubb38\uce58(\u6587\u6cbb)\uc640 \ubb38\ud654(\u6587\u5316)\uc640 \ubb38\uba85(\u6587\u660e)\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc5b4\uac00 \ub2f4\uace0\uc790 \ud588\ub358 \uc2ec\uce35\uc801 \uc758\ubbf8\uc77c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

1899\ub144 \uc138\uc0c1\uc5d0 \ucc98\uc74c \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \uac11\uace8\ubb38\uc740 \ud55c\uc790\uc758 \ucd08\uae30 \ubaa8\uc2b5\uc744 \ub354\uc6b1 \uc815\ud655\ud558\uac8c \uc54c \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ud574\uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uac11\uace8\ubb38\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ubb38(\u6587)\uc744\u00a0\"\",\u00a0\"\",\u00a0\"\",\u00a0\"\"\ub4f1\uc73c\ub85c \uc801\uc5c8\ub294\ub370, \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \ud68d\uc774 \uad50\ucc28\ud55c \ubb34\ub2ac\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \ubab8\uc5d0 \uc0c8\uaca8\uc9c4 ‘\ubb38\uc2e0’\uc774\ub2e4. \ubc14\uae65\uc758\u00a0\"\"\u00a0\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc815\uba74 \ubaa8\uc2b5\uc774\uace0,\u00a0\uc911\uac04\uc758\u00a0\u00d7\uff65\u2228\uff65\u2227\uff65\"\"\u00a0\ub4f1\uc740 \uac00\uc2b4\ud30d\uc5d0 \uc0c8\uaca8\uc9c4 \ubb34\ub2ac\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uba74 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \ubab8\ud1b5\uc5d0 \uc0c8\uaca8\uc9c4 \uc774 \ubb38\uc2e0\uc758 \uc815\uccb4\ub294 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc77c\uae4c?\u00a0\uc0b0\uc0ac\ub78c\uc5d0 \uc0c8\uae34 \ubb38\uc2e0\uc77c\uae4c?\u00a0\uc544\ub2c8\uba74 \uc8fd\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc5d0 \uc0c8\uae34 \uac83\uc77c\uae4c?<\/p>\n

\uc9c0\uae08\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc870\uc0ac\ub41c \uc5ec\ub7ec \uace0\uace0\ud559,\u00a0\uc778\ub958\ud559,\u00a0\ubb38\ud5cc \uc790\ub8cc \ub4f1\uc744 \uc885\ud569\ud574 \ubcfc \ub54c,\u00a0\uc774 \ubb38\uc2e0\uc740 \uc8fd\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc5d0\uac8c \uc0c8\uae34 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\uac83\ub3c4 \uc0ac\uace0\uc0ac\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc790\uc5f0\uc0ac\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc2dc\uc2e0\uc5d0\ub2e4 \uc0c8\uae34 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub294 \ub2e4\ub984 \uc544\ub2cc \ud53c \ud758\ub9bc \uc758\uc2dd\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ubb38\uc2e0\uc73c\ub85c \ucd94\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud53c \ud758\ub9bc \uc758\uc2dd\uc774\ub780 \ub610 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc77c\uae4c?\u00a0\uace0\ub300 \uc911\uad6d\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc601\ud63c\uc774 \uc721\uccb4\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd84\ub9ac\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc8fd\uc74c\uc774\ub77c \uc5ec\uacbc\ub294\ub370,\u00a0\ud53c \ud758\ub9bc\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc601\ud63c\uc774 \uc721\uccb4\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd84\ub9ac\ub418\uc5b4 \ubc16\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\uc640 \uc8fd\uc74c\uc5d0 \uc774\ub978\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc6d0\uc2dc \uc218\ub835 \uc2dc\uc808,\u00a0\uc0ac\uace0\ub098 \uc57c\uc218\uc758 \uc2b5\uaca9 \ub4f1\uc73c\ub85c \ud53c\ub97c \ud758\ub824 \uc8fd\uc740 \uc0ac\uace0\uc0ac\uac00 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc774\uc5c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uadf8\ub807\uac8c \uc0dd\uac01\ud588\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ud53c\ub97c \ud758\ub9ac\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uc8fd\ub294 \uc790\uc5f0\uc0ac\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ud574\uc57c \ud588\uc744\uae4c?\u00a0\uc601\ud63c\uc774 \uc721\uccb4\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd84\ub9ac\ub418\ub3c4\ub85d \ud53c\ub97c \ud750\ub974\uac8c \ud560 \uc778\uc704\uc801\uc778 \uc870\uce58\uac00 \ud544\uc694\ud588\uace0,\u00a0\uac00\uc2b4\ud30d\uc5d0 \uce7c\uc9d1\uc744 \ub0c4\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uc774\ub97c \uc2e4\ud604\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\uac83\uc774 \ubb38(\u6587)\uc758 \uc5b4\uc6d0\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud639\uc2dc\ub77c\ub3c4 \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \ub9ce\uc774 \uc9c0\ub098 \ud53c\uac00 \ub098\uc624\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc744 \ub54c\ub294 \ubd89\uc740 \uc5fc\ub8cc\ub97c \ubab8\uc5d0 \uce60\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uc8fc\uc0ac(\u6731\u7802)\u00a0\ub4f1\uc744 \uc11e\uc5b4 \ubb49\uce5c \ud759\uc744 \uc2dc\uc2e0 \uc8fc\uc704\uc5d0 \ubfcc\ub9ac\ub294 \uc0c1\uc9d5\uc801 \ud589\uc704\ub85c \uc774\ub97c \ub300\uc2e0\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\uac11\uace8\ubb38\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac(\u6b7b,\"\")\uc758 \uc774\uccb4\uc790(\"\",\"\")\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\uc2e0 \uacc1\uc5d0 \uadf8\ub824\uc9c4 \uc810\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774\ub97c \ubc18\uc601\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc774\ucc98\ub7fc, ‘\ubb38(\u6587)’\uc758 \ucd9c\ubc1c\uc740 \uc2dc\uc2e0\uc5d0 \uc0c8\uaca8\uc9c4\u00a0‘\uce7c\uc9d1(\ubb38\uc2e0)’\uc774\uace0,\u00a0\uc774\ub294 \uc601\ud63c\uc744 \uc721\uccb4\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\ub9ac\uc2dc\ud0a4\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uc870\uce58\uc600\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub85c\ubd80\ud130\u00a0‘\ubb34\ub2ac’\ub77c\ub294 \ub73b\uc774 \uc0dd\uacbc\uace0,\u00a0\ud68d\uc744 \ubb34\ub2ac\ucc98\ub7fc \uad50\ucc28\uc2dc\ucf1c \ub9cc\ub4e0 \uac83\uc774 \uae00\uc790\ub77c\ub294 \ub73b\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb38\uc790(\u6587\u5b57)\ub97c \ub73b\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub2e4\uc2dc,\u00a0\uae00\uc790\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub41c \ubb38\uc7a5(\u6587\u7ae0),\u00a0\ub098\uc544\uac00 \ubb38\ud559(\u6587\u5b78)\uacfc \uc778\ubb38(\u4eba\u6587)\u00a0\ub4f1\uc758 \ub73b\uc774 \ub098\uc654\uace0,\u00a0\uadfc\ub300 \uc774\ud6c4\uc5d0\ub294 \ubb38\ud654(\u6587\u5316)\uc640 \ubb38\uba85(\u6587\u660e)\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc5b4\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub7ec\uc790 \uc6d0\ub798\uc758\u00a0‘\ubb34\ub2ac’\ub77c\ub294 \ub73b\uc740 \uba71(\u7cf8)\uc744 \ub354\ud574 \ubb38(\u7d0b)\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ud654\ud588\ub294\ub370,\u00a0\ube44\ub2e8(\u7cf8)\uc744 \uc9e4 \ub54c\uc758\u00a0‘\ubb34\ub2ac(\u6587)’\uac00 \uac00\uc7a5 \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc774\ub807\uac8c \ubcfc \ub54c,\u00a0\ubb38(\u6587)\uc740 \uc601\ud63c\uc774 \uc721\uccb4\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ube60\uc838\ub098\uac00\ub294 \ubb38(\u9580)\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ubb38(\u6587)\uc740 \ucd9c\ubc1c\ubd80\ud130\u00a0‘\uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc601\ud63c’\uacfc \uad00\ub828\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub798\uc11c \ubb38(\u6587)\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \ubb34\ub2ac\ub098 \uae00\uc790\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc815\uc2e0\uacfc \uc721\uccb4\ub97c \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\ub294 \uad50\ub7c9\uc774\uba70,\u00a0\uc778\uac04 \uc815\uc2e0\uc758 \ud754\uc801\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc778\ubb38(\u4eba\u6587)\uc740 \uc778\ub958\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc815\uc2e0\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\ub294 \ubb38\ud654\ub77c\ub294 \ub73b\uc774\uba70,\u00a0\ubb38\ud559(\u6587\u5b78)\uc740\u00a0‘\uc778\uac04\ud559’\uc774\uc5c8\uc9c0\u00a0‘literature’\uc758 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc758\ubbf8\uc778\u00a0‘\uc0ac\uc0c1\uc774\ub098 \uac10\uc815\uc744 \uc5b8\uc5b4\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ud558\ub294 \uc608\uc220 \ud589\uc704’\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\uace0,\u00a0\ubb38\uc778(\u6587\u4eba)\ub3c4 \ubb38\ud559\uac00\ub97c \uc9c0\uce6d\ud558\ub294 \ub9d0\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubb38\ud654(\u6587\u5316)\ub3c4\u00a0‘culture’\ub77c\ub294 \ubc88\uc5ed \uc758\ubbf8 \uc774\uc804\uc5d0\ub294\u00a0‘\uc778\ubb38\uc815\uc2e0\uc73c\ub85c \uc138\uc0c1\uc744 \uc88b\uc740 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\uc544\uac00\uac8c \ud558\ub2e4’\ub294 \ub73b\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub7f0 \uc758\ubbf8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb38(\u6587)\uc740 \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb38\uc7a5(\u6587\u7ae0)’\uc774\ub098 \ubb38\uc2dd(\u6587\u98fe)\uc744 \ub118\uc5b4\uc11c\u00a0‘\ubb38\uc2ec(\u6587\u5fc3)’\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud558\ub294\u00a0‘\uc815\uc2e0’\u00a0\uadf8 \uc790\uccb4\uc774\uba70,\u00a0\uc778\ubb38(\u4eba\u6587)\uc774 \uadf8 \uadfc\uc6d0\uc801 \ud575\uc2ec\uc801 \uc758\ubbf8\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\"Evolution\n\t

3.
\uc911\uad6d\uc740 \ubb38(\u6587)\uc758 \ub098\ub77c\uc774\uace0,\u00a0\ub3d9\uc591\uc740 \ud55c\uc790\ub97c \uae30\ubc18\uc73c\ub85c \uc131\uc7a5\ud55c \ubb38\uba85\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud55c\uc790\ub294 \uc778\ub958\uc758 \uac00\uc7a5 \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc778 \ud45c\uc758\ubb38\uc790\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc989 \uc758\ubbf8 \uc911\uc2ec\uc758 \ubb38\uc790\ub85c,\u00a0\uae00\uc790 \uc18d\uc5d0 \ub73b\uc744 \ub2f4\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc758\uc0ac\ub97c \ud45c\ud604\ud574 \ub0b4\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc5d0\ub294 \ud06c\uac8c \ub9d0\uacfc \ubb38\uc790\uac00 \uc788\ub294\ub370,\u00a0\ub9d0\uc740 \uccad\uac01 \uccb4\uacc4\uc774\uace0 \ubb38\uc790\ub294 \uc2dc\uac01 \uccb4\uacc4\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubb38\uc790\ub294 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc74c\uac00\ub9cc \uac00\uc9c0\ub294 \ubb38\uc790\uc640 \uc758\ubbf8\ub97c \ub2f4\uc740 \ubb38\uc790\uc758 \ub458\ub85c \ub098\ub25c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc601\uc5b4 \uc54c\ud30c\ubcb3\uacfc \ud55c\uae00\uc774 \uc804\uc790\uc758 \ub300\ud45c\uc774\uace0,\u00a0\ud55c\uc790\uac00 \ud6c4\uc790\uc758 \ub300\ud45c\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubb3c\ub860 \uc218\uba54\ub974\uc758 \uc124\ud615\ubb38\uc790\ub098 \uc774\uc9d1\ud2b8\uc758 \uc2e0\uc131 \ubb38\uc790\ub098 \uba54\uc18c\uc544\uba54\ub9ac\uce74\uc758 \uc62c\uba55-\ub9c8\uc57c \ubb38\uc790\ub3c4 \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0\ub294 \ud45c\uc758 \ubb38\uc790\uc600\uc73c\ub098 \uc774\ud6c4 \uc758\ubbf8 \uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc0c1\uc2e4\ud558\uace0 \uc74c\uac00\ub9cc \ud45c\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \uc9c0\uae08\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub800\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ud55c\uc790\uc758 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc18d\uc131\uacfc \uc5ed\ud560 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc911\uad6d\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc904\uace7 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uad00\uc2ec\uc744\u00a0‘\ub9d0’\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc\u00a0‘\ubb38\uc790(\u6587\u5b57)’\uc5d0 \ub450\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub3c4\u00a0‘\uad6c\uc5b4’\uac00 \uc544\ub2cc \ud55c\uc790\uc758 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uacfc \uae30\ub2a5 \ubc0f \uad00\ub828 \ud2b9\uc131\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc9d1\uc911\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 \ubb38\uc790\ub9cc\uc774 \uc9c4\uc2e4\ud55c \uac1c\ub150\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud574\uc654\uc73c\uba70,\u00a0\uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 \ubb38\uc790\uac00 \ub9d0\uc5d0 \uc6b0\uc120\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubb38\uba85\uc801 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc740\u00a0‘\ub9d0’\uc774\u00a0‘\ubb38\uc790’\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \uc9c4\uc2e4\ud558\uace0 \uc6b0\uc120\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uc11c\uad6c\ub97c\u00a0‘\uc74c\uc131\uc911\uc2ec\uc8fc\uc758(logos-centrism)’\ub77c \uce6d\ud588\ub358 \ub370\ub9ac\ub2e4(Jacques Derrida)\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uacfc \uc798 \uc9dd\uc744 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4, ‘\ubb38\uc790\uc911\uc2ec\uc8fc\uc758’\ub77c \ubd80\ub97c \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc11c\uad6c\ub294 \ucd9c\ubc1c\ubd80\ud130 \ubb38\uc790\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \ub9d0\uc774 \uc911\uc694\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \uc5ec\uacbc\ub2e4. “\ud0dc\ucd08\uc5d0 \ub9d0\uc500\uc774 \uacc4\uc168\ub098\ub2c8,\u00a0\uadf8 \ub9d0\uc500\uc740 \ud558\ub098\ub2d8\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uacc4\uc168\ub2e4.”\ub77c\uace0 \ud55c \uc131\uacbd\uc758 \uccab \uad6c\uc808\ucc98\ub7fc, ‘\ub9d0\uc500’\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc5b4\uc5d0\uc11c \ub85c\uace0\uc2a4(logos)\uc778 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0\u00a0‘\uc774\uc131’\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c\u00a0‘\ub9d0\uc500’\uc774 \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub97c \uc804\ub2ec\ud558\ub294 \uc720\uc77c\ud55c \ub9e4\uccb4\uc600\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud50c\ub77c\ud1a4(Plato)\ub3c4 \uc74c\uc131\uc73c\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ub41c \ub9d0\uc774 \uae00\ub85c \ub41c \ubb38\uc790\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub3c4 \uc5b8\uc5b4\uc801 \uc9c4\uc2e4\uc5d0 \ub354 \uac00\uae5d\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\uc5d0 \ubc18\ud574 \ubb38\uc790\ub294 \ucd94\ubc29\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud560 \ub300\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c0\ubaa9\ub410\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub300\uba74\ud558\uc5ec \uc9c1\uc811 \ubc1c\ud654\ub418\ub294\u00a0‘\ub9d0’\uc740 \uac70\uc9d3\uc774 \uc788\uc744 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc9c0\ub9cc,\u00a0\uae30\ub85d\ub418\uace0 \uc804\ub2ec\ub418\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \uc704\uc870\ub418\uace0 \ubcc0\ud615\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc774\u00a0‘\ubb38\uc790’\uc774\uae30\uc5d0 \ucd94\ubc29\uc758 \ub300\uc0c1\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub9d0\uc774 \ubc14\ub85c \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc600\ub358 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub798\uc11c\u00a0‘\ub85c\uace0\uc2a4’\ub294\u00a0‘\uc74c\uc131’\uc744 \ub73b\ud558\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uace0, ‘\uc9c4\ub9ac’\ub97c \ub73b\ud558\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uba70, ‘\uc774\uc131(\u7406\u6027)’\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub73b\ub3c4 \ub2f4\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc601\ud63c\uc744 \ub2f4\uc740\u00a0‘\ub9d0’\uc774\u00a0‘\uc9c4\ub9ac’\uc600\uace0,\u00a0\uadf8\uac83\uc774\u00a0‘\uc774\uc131\uc801 \uc0ac\uc720’\uc758 \ucd9c\ubc1c\uc774\uc5c8\ub358 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ubb38\uc790\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc5b8\uc81c\ub098 \uc6b0\uc704\uc801\uc778 \ud2b9\uad8c\uc744 \uc810\uc720\ud588\ub358 \ub9d0,\u00a0\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc74c\uc131\uc911\uc2ec\uc8fc\uc758 \uc804\ud1b5\uc740 \uadfc\ub300\uc5d0 \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc11c\uad6c\uac00 \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \uc9c0\ubc30\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc6b0\uc5f4 \ub17c\ub9ac\ub85c \ubc1c\uc804\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub8e8\uc18c(Jean Jacques Rousseau)\ub294\u00a0“\ub0b1\ub9d0\uacfc \uba85\uc81c\ub97c \uae30\ud638\ub85c \ud45c\uc2dc\ud558\ub294 \uc77c\uc740 \ubbf8\uac1c\ud55c \ubbfc\uc871\uc5d0\uac8c \uc801\ud569\ud558\uace0,\u00a0\uc54c\ud30c\ubcb3 \ubb38\uc790\ub294 \uac1c\ud654\ub41c \ubbfc\uc871\uc5d0\uac8c \uc801\ud569\ud558\ub2e4.”\ub77c\uace0 \ud588\ub294\uac00 \ud558\uba74,\u00a0\ud5e4\uac94(Georg W. F. Hegel)\ub3c4 \uc54c\ud30c\ubcb3 \ubb38\uc790\ub97c \uac00\uc7a5 \ubc1c\uc804\ud55c \uc9c0\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc790\ub85c \uac1c\ub150\ud654\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub098\uc544\uac00 \ud604\ub300 \uc5b8\uc5b4\ud559\uc758 \ub300\ubd80 \uc18c\uc26c\ub974(Ferdinand de Saussure)\uc5d0\uac8c\ub3c4 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc804\ud1b5\uc740 \uadf8\ub300\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub294 \ubb38\uc790\ub97c \uc5b8\uc5b4\uc758 \ub0b4\uc801 \uc870\uc9c1\uacfc \ubb34\uad00\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc5ec\uaca8 \uc5b8\uc5b4\ud559\uc758 \ub300\uc0c1\uc744\u00a0‘\ub9d0’\uc5d0 \ud55c\uc815\ud558\uace0\u00a0‘\ubb38\uc790’\ub294 \ubc30\uc81c\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub610 \ubb38\uc790\ub97c \ub9d0\uc744 \uae30\ub85d\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \ubd80\ucc28\uc801 \uc218\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\uc758\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub9ac\ud558\uc5ec \ubb38\uc790\uc911\uc2ec\uc758 \ub3d9\uc591\uc740 \ubbf8\uac1c\ud55c \ubb38\uba85\uc73c\ub85c,\u00a0\ud55c\uc790\ub294 \uc800\uae09\ud55c \ubb38\uc790\ub85c \ud3c4\ud558\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\"Raffaello\n\t

4.
\uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \uc11c\uad6c\uc758\u00a0‘\ub9d0’\uc774 \ud55c\uc790\uc5d0\uc11c\u00a0‘\uc5b8(\u8a00)’\uc774\uace0, ‘\ubb38\uc790’\uac00\u00a0‘\ubb38(\u6587)’\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud55c\ub2e4 \uc0dd\uac01\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\ub294 \ub108\ubb34\ub098 \ud45c\ud53c\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc811\uadfc\uc758 \uacb0\uacfc\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc0ac\uc2e4\uc740 \uac70\uafb8\ub85c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc11c\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c \ub85c\uace0\uc2a4 \uc989 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud558\ub294\u00a0‘\ub9d0’\uc774 \ud55c\uc790\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub3c4\ub9ac\uc5b4 \ubb38(\u6587)\uc774\uace0,\u00a0\uc704\uc870\uc758 \uc0c1\uc9d5\uc774\uc790 \ucd94\ubc29\uc758 \ub300\uc0c1\uc774\uc5c8\ub358\u00a0‘\ubb38\uc790’\uac00 \uc624\ud788\ub824 \uc5b8(\u8a00)\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

‘\uc5b8(\u8a00)’\uc740\u00a0‘\uc74c(\u97f3)’\uacfc\u00a0‘\uc124(\u820c)’\u00a0\ub4f1\uacfc \uc5b4\uc6d0\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uae34\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \uc5f0\uacb0\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uace0,\u00a0\ub610 \ub9ce\uc740 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0b4\ub294 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc0c1\uc6a9\uc790\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub7fc\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc774\uc758 \uc5b4\uc6d0\uc740 \uc544\uc9c1 \uba85\ud655\ud558\uac8c \ubc1d\ud600\uc838 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc544 \uc5ec\ub7ec \ud574\uc11d\uc774 \uc874\uc7ac\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc124\ubb38\ud574\uc790\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4\u00a0“\uadf8\uc800 \ub9d0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc5b8(\u8a00)\uc774\ub77c \ud558\uace0 \ub17c\ub780\uc744 \ubc8c\uc5ec \ubcc0\ub860\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc5b4(\u8a9e)\ub77c \ud55c\ub2e4.”\ub77c\uace0\ub9cc \ud558\uc600\uc744 \ubfd0, ‘\uc5b8(\u8a00)’\uc758 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc778 \uc5b4\uc6d0\uc744 \ubc1d\ud788\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ud6c4,\u00a0\uc1a1\ub098\ub77c \ub54c\uc758 \uc815\ucd08(\u912d\u6a35)\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758\u00a0‘\ud600’\ub97c \uadf8\ub838\ub2e4\uace0 \ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc,\u00a0\uac11\uace8\ubb38\uc758 \uc790\ud615\uc778\u00a0\"\",\u00a0\"\",\u00a0\"\",\u00a0\"\"\u00a0\ub4f1\uc744 \ubcf4\uba74\u00a0\uc124\ub4dd\ub825\uc774 \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc9c4\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub798\uc11c \ud604\ub300 \ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \ud241\uc18c,\u00a0\uc0dd\ud669,\u00a0\ub098\ud314,\u00a0\uc885 \ub4f1 \uc545\uae30\ub97c \uadf8\ub838\ub2e4\uace0 \ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubb3c\ub860 \uc2e0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub9f9\uc138 \ub54c \uc704\uc57d\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucc98\ubc8c\uc758 \uc0c1\uc9d5\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \ud615\ubc8c \uce7c\uacfc \uadf8\uac83\uc744 \ub123\uc5b4 \ub450\ub294 \uadf8\ub987\uc744 \uadf8\ub838\ub2e4\ub294 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc790\ud615\uc744 \uc790\uc138\ud788 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uba74,\u00a0\uc5b8(\u8a00,\"\")\uc740\u00a0‘\uac74(\u41c2)’\uc774\ub098\u00a0‘\uc2e0(\u8f9b,\u00a0\"\")’\uacfc\u00a0‘\uad6c(\u53e3)’\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uac74(\u41c2)\uc774\ub098 \uc2e0(\u8f9b)\uc740 \ub300\ub098\ubb34\ub97c \uae4e\uc544 \ub9cc\ub4e0 \ud53c\ub9ac\ub97c \uadf8\ub838\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc704\ucabd\uc740 \ud655\uc74c\ud1b5(\u64f4\u97f3\u7b52)\uc744 \uadf8\ub838\uc73c\uba70,\u00a0\ub9e8 \uc544\ub798\ucabd\uc758 \uad6c(\u53e3)\ub294 \ud53c\ub9ac\ub098 \ud241\uc18c \ub4f1 \uc545\uae30\uc758 \uc785(reed)\uc744 \uc0c1\uc9d5\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud639\uc740 \uc545\uae30\ub97c \ubd80\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758\u00a0‘\uc785’\uc77c \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uac04\ud639 \uc591\ucabd\uc5d0 \ub4e0 \ube44\uc2a4\ub4ec\ud55c \ub450 \ud68d\uc740 \ub300(\u7af9)\uc758 \uc794\uac00\uc9c0\ub85c \ucd94\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub798\uc11c \uc5b8(\u8a00)\uc740 \ub300\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e0\u00a0‘\ud241\uc18c’\uac00 \uc6d0\ub798 \ub73b\uc774\uace0,\u00a0\uc545\uae30\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\ub294\u00a0‘\uc18c\ub9ac’\ub97c \ub73b\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ud6c4 \uc758\ubbf8\uac00 \ud655\uc7a5\ub418\uc5b4 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc18c\ub9ac \uc989\u00a0‘\ub9d0’\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub73b\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc790,\u00a0\uc6d0\ub798 \ub73b\uc740 \uc8fd(\u7af9)\uc744 \ub354\ud574 \uc5b8(\u41fe:\u00a0\ud070 \ud241\uc18c)\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ud654\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud574 \uc5b8(\u8a00)\uc740 \uadf8 \ucd9c\ubc1c\uc774 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \ub9d0\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \uc545\uae30\uc758\u00a0‘\uc18c\ub9ac’\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc989 \uc0ac\ubb3c\uc758 \uc18c\ub9ac,\u00a0\uc0ac\ub78c\uacfc\ub294 \uad00\uacc4\uc5c6\ub294,\u00a0\uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc601\ud63c\uacfc \uc5f0\uacc4\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c\u00a0‘\uc18c\ub9ac’\uc77c \ubfd0\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uac8c\ub2e4\uac00 \ud55c\uc790\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b8(\u8a00)\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub41c \uae00\uc790\ub4e4,\u00a0\uc608\ucee8\ub300 \uc640(\u8b4c)\ub098 \uc640(\u8a1b)\ub294\u00a0‘\uac70\uc9d3’\uc744,\u00a0\ubcc0(\u8b8a)\uc740\u00a0‘\ubcc0\ud568’\uc744,\u00a0\uc720(\u8a98)\ub294\u00a0‘\uaf2c\ub4dc\uae40’\uc744,\u00a0\uc0ac(\u8a50)\ub294\u00a0‘\uc18d\uc784’\uc744,\u00a0\ud669(\u8b0a)\uc740\u00a0‘\ud669\ub2f9\ud568’\uc744,\u00a0\uc720(\u8adb)\ub294\u00a0‘\uc544\ucca8’\uc744,\u00a0\uacfc(\u8a87)\ub294\u00a0‘\uacfc\uc7a5\ud568’\uc744,\u00a0\uc800(\u8a5b)\ub294\u00a0‘\uc800\uc8fc\ud568’\uc744,\u00a0\ube44(\u8ab9)\ub294\u00a0‘\ud5d0\ub72f\uc74c’\uc744 \ub9d0\ud558\ub294 \ub4f1 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84 \ubd80\uc815\uc801 \uc758\ubbf8\ub97c \uc9c0\ud5a5\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\ucd9c\ubc1c\ubd80\ud130 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc601\ud63c\uacfc \uad00\uacc4\ub418\uc5b4 \uadf8\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub41c \uae00\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc88b\uc740 \uc758\ubbf8\ub9cc\uc744 \uc9c0\ud5a5\ud558\ub294 \ubb38(\u6587)\uacfc\ub294 \uc120\uba85\ud55c \ub300\ube44\ub97c \uc774\ub8ec\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub798\uc11c \ub3d9\uc591\uc5d0\uc11c\u00a0‘\uc5b8(\u8a00)’\uc740 \uc601\ud63c\uc758 \ubcf8\uc131\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ud1b5\ucc30\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \ud558\ub294 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc744 \uc9c0\ub2cc \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uac00\ubcc0\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uadf8\ub798\uc11c \ubbff\uc744 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294\u00a0‘\uc131\uc74c(\uc18c\ub9ac)’\uc600\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c\u00a0‘\uc5b8(\u8a00)’\uc740 \uc601\ud63c \uc548\uc758 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc744 \uc804\ub2ec\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uace0,\u00a0\ubc1c\uc131 \uae30\uad00\uc758 \uc18c\ub9ac\uc5d0\ub9cc \uc758\uc874\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc624\ud788\ub824 \uc9c0\ud61c\uc758 \uc2e4\uccb4\ub97c \ub9dd\uac01\ud558\ub294 \ub9e4\uac1c\ub85c\uc11c \uc0dd\uac01\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uacb0\ub860\uc801\uc73c\ub85c,\u00a0\uc11c\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\uac04 \uc774\uc131\uc758 \uad81\uadf9\uc801\uc778 \ud45c\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \ub85c\uace0\uc2a4\ub85c \uc0bc\uc558\ub358\u00a0‘\ub9d0’\uc740 \ud55c\uc790\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b8(\u8a00)\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c\u00a0‘\ubb38(\u6587)’\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\uc640 \ubc18\ub300\ub85c \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \ud758\ub7ec\uac00\uba74\uc11c \uacc4\uc18d \ubcc0\ud654\ud558\uace0 \uacf5\uac04\uc774 \ub2ec\ub77c\uc84c\uc744 \ub54c \uc6d0\ub798 \uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \uac00\ubcc0\uc801\uc778 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\uc5c8\ub358\u00a0‘\ubb38\uc790’\ub294 \ubb38(\u6587)\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c\u00a0‘\uc5b8(\u8a00)’\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub9ac\ud558\uc5ec \uc11c\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9d0,\u00a0\uc989 \ub85c\uace0\uc2a4(logos)\uac00 \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub77c\uba74,\u00a0\ud55c\uc790\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ubb38\uc790,\u00a0\uc989 \ubb38(\u6587)\uc774 \uadf8\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud55c\ub2e4. ‘logos’\ub098 \ubb38(\u6587)\uc740 \ubaa8\ub450 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc601\ud63c\uacfc \uad00\ub828\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uace0,\u00a0\uc601\ud63c\uc744 \uc804\ub2ec\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9 \ubb38\uba85\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uba74\u00a0‘\ub85c\uace0\uc2a4 \uc911\uc2ec\uc8fc\uc758’\ub098\u00a0‘\ubb38\uc790\uc911\uc2ec\uc8fc\uc758’\uac00 \ubcc4\uac1c\uc758 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub984\ub9cc \ub2e4\ub97c \ubfd0 \uc2e4\uccb4\ub294 \uac19\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\tYoungsam Ha
\nProfessor at Kyungsung University
\nDirector of the Center for the Study of Chinese Characters in Korea\n\ud558\uc601\uc0bc
\n\uacbd\uc131\ub300\ud559\uad50 \uad50\uc218
\n\ud55c\uad6d \ud55c\uc790\uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c \uc18c\uc7a5\n\t\t\t\t\"29737_16536_4516\"\n\t

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Tattooed on Your Chest: The Character \u6587 \uac00\uc2b4\uc5d0 \uc0c8\uaca8\uc9c4 \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \uae00\uc790, \u6587 Text by Youngsam Ha \ud558\uc601\uc0bc Translation by Solha Kim \uae40\uc194\ud558 1.In Chinese characters, the character \u6587(meaning writing, script, or culture) is a very important one. This character is included in the words such as\u00a0humanities\u00a0\u4eba\u6587\u00a0and\u00a0astronomy\u00a0\u5929\u6587,\u00a0culture\u00a0\u6587\u5316\u00a0and\u00a0civilization\u00a0\u6587\u660e,\u00a0literary people\u00a0\u6587\u4eba\u00a0and\u00a0civil governance\u00a0\u6587\u6cbb, which are all important notions in human…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":321,"featured_media":36250,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"tpl-no-header-footer.php","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158,168],"tags":[52],"class_list":["post-38472","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-writing","category-youngsam-ha","tag-youngsam-ha"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/clumsy.site\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38472","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/clumsy.site\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/clumsy.site\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clumsy.site\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/321"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clumsy.site\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38472"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/clumsy.site\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38472\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":38939,"href":"https:\/\/clumsy.site\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38472\/revisions\/38939"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clumsy.site\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/36250"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/clumsy.site\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38472"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clumsy.site\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38472"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clumsy.site\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38472"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}